Fall/Winter 2000

Species Profile: Bobwhite Quail

The bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) is famous for its whistling of its name. During the spring and summer months, the bob-bob-white call rings loud and clear across prime quail country as lonesome males seek the company of a mate and proclaim their territory.

Historically, the bobwhite quail has been one of the premier game birds in Mississippi. While the tradition and excitement of quail hunting has continued to flourish, populations have decreased over past years.

The original range of the bobwhite extended from Maine, down along the east coast, west through the upper Mississippi River valley and south to Texas. Land use changes around the 1850's extended their range into Canada, the Dakotas and as far west as New Mexico.

The bobwhite is a round-bodied small bird. Adult males measure between 9 and 10 inches in length, have a wingspan of 14 to 15 inches and weigh anywhere from 5 to 6 ounces. The most conspicuous markings found on the bobwhite quail are the throat patch and broad stripe above the eye, extending from the bill to the base of the neck. Both the patch and the stripe have black or dark brown borders. The male bobwhite has a white throat patch and stripe, while the female's patch and stripe is a buff or pale yellow color. The bobwhite's breast, back, rump, wings and tail are reddish brown with black markings. The belly and flanks consist of white feathers with dark markings on the edges giving the belly a scaled appearance. The bird's bill, eyes, legs and feet are black.

The bobwhite has short, cupped wings that are well-designed for fast takeoffs and flying short distances. Bobwhite quail can reach their top speed of 50 mph almost immediately, but then must set their wings and glide to their destination.

Bobwhite quail prefer to inhabit areas where early succession has been maintained and is adjacent to mid and late succession. Areas that are composed of a mixture of open ground, upright herbaceous vegetation and woody plants in the proper proportions provide excellent bobwhite habitat. This diverse habitat can be found in and around idle or fallow fields, open woodlands, old fields, crop fields such as corn, milo and soybeans with weedy growth and certain types of pastures. These types of areas provide food sources in conjunction with suitable escape cover.

Approximately 80% to 85% of a bobwhite quail's diet consists of vegetable matter. Some popular quail foods are the seeds, leaves, stems and flowers of ragweed, lespedeza, smartweed, corn, sorghum, bristle grass, wheat, beggarweed, small acorns, cowpeas, sunflowers and panic grasses. The remainder of their diet consists of animal matter such as terrestrial insects, caterpillars, earthworms, snails and slugs. A certain amount of grit must also be ingested into the gizzard to aid in digestion.

Bobwhite quail are very prolific with clutch sizes of 12 to 15 eggs on average. The female will lay one egg per day until the clutch is completed. Incubation requires 23 days and once the chicks have hatched, both parents participate in raising them. After only 10 days the chicks are able to fly short distances and at an age of 3 weeks have fully developed flight feathers.

Like other ground nesting birds, bobwhites face a constant danger of nest predation, and possibly death of the female, from predators such as raccoons, fox, snakes, skunk, bobcats, coyotes and house cats. The bobwhite's greatest enemy, however, is the change in land use (large fields, small fields growing-up trees, etc.) leading to loss of habitat.

This article was written by Rob Ballinger, Field Biologist with the Mississippi Fish and Wildlife Foundation.